Tratamientos alternativos y/o complementarios en pacientes con trastorno del espectro autista / Alternative and/or complementary treatments in patients with autism spectrum disorder

El Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) es una condición que afecta el neurodesarrollo caracterizada por presentar alteraciones en la comunicación, conducta y en las interacciones sociales, y que afecta el funcionamiento del individuo a lo largo de su vida. Los tratamientos recomendados por la evidencia científica incluyen un enfoque interdisciplinario que combina intervenciones educativas, terapias psicológicas/conductuales, terapia del habla y el lenguaje, terapia ocupacional/física y tratamientos médicos. Para muchas familias, barreras económicas y geográficas limitan el acceso a los tratamientos específicos. Este y otros motivos llevan a incorporar tratamientos alternativos y/o complementarios. El Centro Nacional de Medicina Complementaria y Alternativa (NIH-EEUU) define los Tratamientos Alternativos Complementarios (TAC) como "un grupo de diversos sistemas médicos y de cuidados de la salud; prácticas y productos que generalmente no son considerados parte de la medicina convencional". La prevalencia del uso de TAC en personas con TEA está entre las más altas respecto a otras patologías y a otros trastornos del desarrollo, con porcentajes entre 52% y 95%. Su uso debe ser preguntado en las consultas de seguimiento, y debe discutirse sobre riesgos, beneficios y costos. La cantidad y el tipo de intervención que reciben niños, niñas, adolescentes (NNyA) y adultos con TEA varían enormemente en todo el mundo e incluso dentro de un mismo país y región. El pronóstico del TEA es mejorado cuando el diagnóstico es oportuno y temprano y el abordaje educativo terapéutico es iniciado y orientado a aspectos funcionales y centrados en la familia. (AU)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by alterations in communication, behavior, and social interactions that affect the individual's functioning throughout life. Evidence-based treatments include an interdisciplinary approach that combines educational interventions, psychological/behavioral therapies, speech and language therapy, occupational/physical therapy, and medical treatments. For many families, economic and geographic barriers limit access to specific treatments. This and other reasons have led to the incorporation of alternative and/or complementary treatments. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH - USA) defines complementary alternative medicine (CAM) as "a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine". The prevalence of the use of CAM in people with ASD is among the highest compared to other diseases and developmental disorders, with percentages ranging from 52% to 95%. Their use should be considered in follow-up visits, and risks, benefits, and costs should be discussed. The amount and type of intervention received by children, adolescents, and adults with ASD varies greatly around the world and even within the same country and region. The prognosis of ASD is improved with timely diagnosis and early, family-centered and functionally oriented educational and therapeutic approaches

Las terapias alternativas como solución al cuidado de problemas crónicos de salud / Alternative Therapies as a Solution for the Care of Chronic Health Problems

Introducción: Los problemas de salud crónicos son considerados enfermedades multidimensionales, por lo que demandan del personal de enfermería una atención integral y holística. Una opción para brindar un cuidado holístico y autónomo son las terapéuticas alternativas y complementarias. Objetivo: Sistematizar las terapias alternativas como solución al cuidado de problemas crónicos de salud. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de documentos publicados desde 2005 hasta 2020 en español e inglés, con una clara metodología y referencial teórico seleccionado durante el 2020. La pregunta se elaboró a través de la estrategia PICO. Se utilizaron las palabras claves identificadas en DeCS y operadores booleanos: "atención de enfermería" AND "terapias complementarias" AND "enfermedades crónicas" y en inglés, las identificadas por MeHS: "Complementary therapies" AND "Nursing care" AND "Chronic disease". La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos: Pubmed, Clinical Key, SciELO, Dialnet, Index, Google Scholar. Se utilizó el diagrama de flujo (PRISMA) para contribuir a la formulación de la estrategia de búsqueda. Mediante los métodos de análisis documental, síntesis y sistematización se dio la posibilidad de organizar e interpretar los conocimientos presentes en las bibliografías encontradas. Conclusiones: Las terapias alternativas como una solución a los problemas de salud, es una herramienta que puede ser usada por el personal de enfermería, para aumentar la gama de cuidados que se les brindan a las personas con problemas de salud crónicos(AU)

Introduction: Chronic health problems are considered multidimensional diseases; therefore, they demand, from the nursing staff, a comprehensive and holistic care. One option to provide holistic and autonomous care is alternative and complementary therapies. Objective: To systematize alternative therapies as a solution for the care of chronic health problems. Methods: A systematic review of documents published from 2005 to 2020 in Spanish and English was developed, with a clear methodology and theoretical references selected during 2020. The question was elaborated through the PICO strategy. In Spanish, the following keywords, identified in the DeCS, as well as Boolean operators were used: "atención de enfermería" AND "terapias complementarias" AND "enfermedades crónicas". In English, the corresponding keywords found in the MeHS were taken into account: "Complementary therapies" AND "Nursing care" AND "Chronic disease". The search was carried out in the Pubmed, Clinical Key, SciELO, Dialnet, Index and Google Scholar databases. The PRISMA flow diagram (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses) was used to contribute to the formulation of the search strategy. The methods of documental analysis, synthesis and systematization permitted to organize and interpret the knowledge present in the theoretical references found. Conclusions: Alternative therapies, as a solution to health problems, are a tool that can be used by the nursing staff, in order to increase the range of care provided to people with chronic health problems(AU)

Plasma convalescente / Convalescent plasma

Com referencial teórico do ano de 2020, foram condensadas as evidências sobre o uso de plasma convalescente no tratamento da Covid-19, abordando um estudo de uma série de casos de cinco pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 e síndrome do desconforto respiratório; um estudo piloto, 10 pacientes com diagnostico de COVID-19 confirmado por RT-PCR; um estudo (preprint) envolvendo 5.000 pacientes; um ensaio clínico aberto, multicêntrico incluindo 103 pacientes com quadro grave de COVID-19; uma atualização de Revisão da Cochrane, que incluiu 20 estudos, 5443 participantes (5211 receberam tratamento com plasma). Resumem as Diretrizes de Food and Drug Administration (FDA), dos Estados Unidos para utilização da terapia. No Brasil, pontua as recomendações da ANVISA, as considerações do Ministério da Saúde e os esclarecimentos do Ofício Circular nº 40/2020. Os estudos analisados pontuam resultados positivos quanto à eficácia e segurança e apontam necessidade de maiores evidências

With the theoretical framework of the year 2020, the evidence on the use of convalescent plasma in the treatment of Covid-19 was condensed, addressing a study of a case series of five patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and respiratory distress syndrome; a pilot study, 10 patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR; a study (preprint) involving 5,000 patients; an open, multicenter clinical trial including 103 patients with severe COVID-19; a Cochrane Review update, which included 20 studies, 5443 participants (5211 received plasma treatment). They summarize the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines for using the therapy. In Brazil, the recommendations of ANVISA, the considerations of the Ministry of Health and the clarifications of Circular Letter nº 40/2020 are punctuated. The analyzed studies show positive results regarding efficacy and safety and point to the need for more evidence

Ampliando horizontes na interface Práticas Integrativas com Epistemologia do Sul / Ampliar horizontes en la interfaz Prácticas Integradoras con Epistemología del Sur / To Broadening Horizons in the Interface Integrative Practices with the Epistemology of the South

RESUMO Introdução: A Epistemologia do Sul valoriza a pluralidade e o diálogo entre os diversos saberes. Na saúde, valoriza as diversas práticas do cuidar, abrindo espaço para a inserção das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares. Objetivo: Refletir sobre a dimensão das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares para o cuidado de enfermagem sob perspectiva da Epistemologia do Sul. Métodos: Trata-se de um ensaio reflexivo acerca das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, embasado no referencial teórico da Epistemologia do Sul. Estruturou-se quatro categorias reflexivas: Desvelando a Epistemologia do Sul; O caminhar histórico das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares; A Epistemologia do Sul e o transitar entre o saber popular e o saber científico no uso das plantas medicinais; e O entrelaço das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares com a enfermagem, frente à Epistemologia do Sul. Conclusão: As Práticas Integrativas e Complementares, sob o olhar da Epistemologia do Sul, é mais uma ferramenta utilizada no processo de trabalho do enfermeiro capaz de ampliar a assistência em saúde, com valorização de conhecimentos e das práticas de cuidado adotadas pelos usuários dos serviços(AU)

RESUMEN Introducción: La epistemología del Sur valora la pluralidad y el diálogo entre los diversos saberes. En la salud, valoriza las diversas prácticas del cuidar, abriendo espacio para la inserción de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias. Objetivo: Reflexionar sobre la dimensión de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias para el cuidado de enfermería bajo perspectiva de la epistemología del Sur. Métodos: Se trata de un ensayo reflexivo acerca de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias, basadas en el referencial teórico de la epistemología del Sur. Se estructuraron cuatro categorías reflexivas: Desvelando la epistemología del Sur; El caminar histórico de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias; La epistemología del Sur y el transitar entre el saber popular y el saber científico en el uso de las plantas medicinales; y el entrelazamiento de las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias con la enfermería, frente a la epistemología del Sur. Conclusiones: Las Prácticas Integrativas y Complementarias, bajo la mirada de la epistemología del Sur, son una herramienta utilizada en el proceso de trabajo del enfermero capaz de ampliar la asistencia en salud, con valorización de conocimientos y las prácticas de cuidado adoptadas por los usuarios de los servicios(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: The epistemology of the south values plurality and dialogue between the different instances of knowledge. In health, it values the various care practices, opening space for the inclusion of integrative and complementary practices. Objective: To reflect on the dimension of integrative and complementary practices for nursing care from the perspective of the epistemology of the south. Methods: This is a reflective essay about integrative and complementary practices, based on the theoretical reference of the epistemology of the south. Four reflexive categories were structured: unveiling the epistemology of the south, the historical evolution of integrative and complementary practices; the epistemology of the south and the transit between popular knowledge and scientific knowledge in the use of medicinal plants, and the intertwining of integrative and complementary practices with nursing compared to the epistemology of the south. Conclusions: The integrative and complementary practices, under the view of the epistemology of the south, are a tool used in the nurse's work process as being capable of extending health care, with the valorization of knowledge and care practices adopted by the users of services(AU)

Farmacovigilancia y alertas del uso de recursos y productos en la medicina tradicional, alternativa y complementaria en el Perú (1997-2016) / Pharmacovigilance and alerts about use of resources and products in Traditional, Alternative and Complementary Medicine in Perú (1997-1976)

Objetivo: Caracterizar las notificaciones de reacciones adversas (RAM) y alertas DIGEMID, relacionadas a problemas de seguridad de las plantas medicinales y productos usados en la medicina tradicional, alternativa y complementaria (MTAC) correspondiente a los años 1997 al 2016. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las notificaciones de RAM y alertas DIGEMID de las plantas medicinales y productos usados en MTAC, las que fueron caracterizadas de acuerdo al tipo de RAM y seguridad. Resultados: En el periodo 1997 a 2016 la Autoridad Nacional de Productos Farmacéuticos, Dispositivos Médicos y Productos Sanitarios (ANM) recibió 28 notificaciones de RAM relacionados al uso de plantas medicinales y productos en MTAC, las que fueron catalogadas como grave 1 (4%), serias 4 (14%), no serias 22 (78%) y no especificada 1 (4%); las principales RAM fueron dermatitis, urticaria, prurito, erupción cutánea, mareos, convulsiones, acidosis y hepatotoxicidad. La ANM emitió 798 alertas DIGEMID, de las cuales 11 (1%) corresponde a plantas medicinales o productos usados en MTAC; de ellas, las alertas por seguridad representan el (73%), calidad (9%) y productos falsificados o venta ilegal (18%). Los principales problemas de seguridad son concordantes con las RAM mencionadas y las interacciones medicamentosas. Arnica montana, Illicium verum, I. anisatum, Desmodium molliculum, Tiquilia paronychioides, Aloe vera y Uncaria sp, o sus preparados, deben ser usadas bajo vigilancia. Conclusión: Durante los años 1997-2016 solo se notificaron 28 RAM y emitieron 11 alertas DIGEMID relacionados al uso de plantas medicinales y productos en medicina tradicional alternativa y complementaria (MTAC); por lo que, la Autoridad Nacional de Productos Farmacéuticos, Dispositivos Médicos y Productos Sanitarios (ANM) en su rol de conductor del Sistema Peruano de Farmacovigilancia y Tecnovigilancia debe proponer estrategias e instrumentos que permitan incrementar la notificación de RAM y establecer su vigilancia activa.

Alternative medicine; the tendency of using complimentary alternative medicine in patients of different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan

From ancient times, humankind has used self-created traditional methods for handling the illnesses and continues to use them along with modern medicine. Even today, more than 70% of the world's population still depends on the complementary and alternative systems of medicine [CAM]. The objective of this study is to create awareness of health hazards with the use of CAM therapies and to find out its utility among Pakistani population. Comprehensive questionnaire was developed for the study on the use of CAM and was distributed to 470 patients/attendants in different hospitals of Lahore as well as major hospitals and clinical setups in the peripheral regions of Lahore, Pakistan. Over all, the response rate of the study was 81.7% while 78.1 % population found as CAM user. The most common type of alternative medicine used by patients is from Hakeem [Natural Therapist] which is about 17% and the most frequent disease for which patients often go for CAM therapy is liver diseases [19%]. Respondents found inclined towards CAM only due to its marketed false benefits and not because of their dissatisfaction with conventional therapy. A noteworthy population of Pakistan is using CAM therapies from different practitioners, irrespective of any education and awareness about their disease and long-term drawbacks because of improper treatment of the disease. Though adverse events due to the use of CAM therapy are not unusual still a delay in the proper treatment usually ends up in serious consequences and even loss of lives

Riesgos de la herbolaria: reporte de un caso de hepatitis por cardo santo (Argemone mexicana L) / Risks of herbalism: a case report of Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L) induced liver toxicity

El consumo cada vez mayor de productos de la medicina alternativa y complementaria ha permitido reconocer con más frecuencia los efectos deletéreos asociados y las interacciones que estos productos pueden ocasionar. Así en la literatura médica encontramos casos reportados de toxicidad hepática con Aloe (sábila), Camellia sinensis (té verde), Rhammus purshianus (cáscara sangrada), Aesculus hippocastanum (castaño de indias) y Valeriana officinalis (valeriana), entre otros. El presente caso trata sobre una paciente femenina que consumió en dos ocasiones cardo santo (Argemone mexicana L), con intervalo de un año entre un evento y otro. En ambas oportunidades desarrolló un cuadro de diarrea, ictericia y ataque al estado general con alteración en las pruebas de función hepática. Se excluyeron otras causas de hepatopatía. Se utilizaron escalas para evaluar efectos adversos en el hígado relacionados con medicamentos. Se recabó la información del expediente clínico de la paciente y se revisó la bibliografía relacionada con el tema. Se concluyó que existe la posibilidad de lesión hepática relacionada con el consumo de Argemone mexicana L, al menos en esta paciente.

The increasing consumption of alternative medicines has lead to a greater awareness about the deleterious effects and interactions that these products can induce. Consequently, medical literature reports liver toxicity from Aloe, Camellia sinensis (green tea), Rhammus purshianus, Aesculus hippocastanum (buckeye) and Valeriana officinalis (valerian), among others. This article reports a female patient who twice consumed Mexican poppy (Argemone mexicana L) with a one-year interval between ingestions. Both times she developed diarrhea, jaundice and general malaise with impaired liver function tests. Other causes of liver disease were ruled out. Questionnaires were used to assess the possibility of drug-induced liver damage. Clinical information was collected from the patient’s medical record and the literature on the subject was reviewed. We conclude that, at least in this case, the most likely cause of liver toxicity was Argemone mexicana L consumption.

Use of and satisfaction with complementary and alternative medicine in four chronic diseases: A cross-sectional study from India.

Background. We assessed the extent of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients with four chronic diseases—epilepsy, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and diabetes mellitus (DM)—at a tertiary care, teaching hospital of allopathic medicine in India. We also assessed patients’ satisfaction with CAM. Methods. Adults attending the outpatient clinics for epilepsy, HIV, RA and DM who took CAM were recruited over a period of 16 weeks. After obtaining written informed consent, they were administered the ‘Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication’ (TSQM)TM to assess satisfaction in domains such as effectiveness, no side-effect, convenience and global satisfaction. Results. Of the 4664 patients screened, 1619 (34.7%) were using CAM and 650 (40%) of them consented to participate. The extent of use of CAM was 63% in patients with DM, 42.7% in RA, 26.2% in HIV and 7.7% in epilepsy. Ayurveda 57.1% (95% CI 53.27–60.89) was the most frequently used CAM. Satisfaction in terms of effectiveness and global satisfaction was highest among patients with HIV (69.4% and 69.2%, respectively) and least among those who had RA (56.6% and 54.1%, respectively). High scores were reported to ‘no side-effect’ domain in all the four diseases. The proportion of physicians who were aware about their patients’ using CAM was 100% in patients with RA, 95% in HIV, 74% in epilepsy and 29% in DM. Conclusion. A large proportion of patients with four chronic diseases reporting to a hospital of allopathic medicine in India were also using CAM and were satisfied with its use. Given the potential interaction of CAM with allopathic medicines, a history of use of CAM should be elicited in clinical practice.

Vasculitis de vaso pequeño asociada a un producto oral usado para la caída del pelo / Small vessels vasculitis associated with a oral medication for loss hair

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 36 años que consultó por lesiones vasculíticas en extremidades inferiores que aparecieron con relación al uso de un producto oral comercializado para la caída del pelo que contiene prosilium, vitaminas B6, B5, B8, hierro, zinc y vitamina E. Algunos elementos evolucionaron hacia la necrosis, especialmente en la pierna derecha. Los análisis de laboratorio permitieron excluir otras patologías asociadas con vasculitis, diagnosticándose una vasculitis cutánea de vaso pequeño posiblemente asociado a alguno de los componentes de dicho producto.

A 36 year old woman went for a consultation because of vasculitic lesions in her lower extremities that appeared after the use of a commercial oral product for hair loss which contains prosilium, vitamin B6, B5, B8, E, iron, and zinc. Some elements evolved towards necrosis, especially in the right leg. Laboratory analysis excluded other causes of vasculitis. The final diagnosis was a cutaneous vasculitis possible associated with some of the components of the hair loss product.

Plants and dermatology: a panoramic view

Plants are very diverse in nature including location, seasonal variation, distribution and fruit production. They provide oxygenation as well as being a food source. Certain medical and dermatological treatments are derived from plants. However, they may also cause cutaneous disease

Sarcoma de Kaposi asociado al SIDA / Management of aids-related Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma is a multicentric neoplasm highly vascularized, and represents the most frequent malignancy among HIV-infected pesons, abeing its estimated incidence 900 thousand times higher among HIV-infected persons than in those who are not...The high incidence of disease in homosexual and bisexual men has implicated environmental and infectious factors. The authors of this reort, describe the epidemiology and pathogenesis, diagnostic evaluation and extension of the disease, and with special consideration on treatment

Aspectos clínicos e hematológicos em cães submetidos à fluidoterapia intravenosa, nutrição enteral e parenteral / Clinical and hematological aspects in dogs allotted to intravenous fluid therapy, enteral and parenteral nutrition

Avaliaram-se peso vivo, temperatura retal, comportamento, escore fecal e hemograma em 20 cães, sem raça definida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais com cinco animais cada, duas fêmeas e três machos, submetidos ao arraçoamento padrão (grupo I - controle), à fluidoterapia intravenosa (grupo II), à nutrição enteral por gastrostomia (grupo III) e à nutrição parenteral total (grupo IV). Os tratamentos duraram sete dias, precedidos por dois dias de jejum alimentar. Os animais do grupo II apresentaram a maior perda de peso (P<0,05), e os do grupo IV flebite, já no segundo dia de tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações no eritrograma (P>0,05). Os animais do grupo II apresentaram valores abaixo dos de referência para hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito, sugerindo anemia normocítica normocrômica. A fixação da sonda gástrica, via endoscopia, levou a alterações no número total de leucócito (P<0,05), causando desvio à esquerda regenerativo nos animais do grupo II. A velocidade de administração da solução parenteral deve ser monitorada quando se utiliza o acesso venoso periférico.

Body weight, rectal temperature, behavior, fecal score and hemogram were evaluated in 20 crossbred dogs, randomly alloted in four experimental groups, being five animals in each group, two females and three males. Those animals were alloted to standard feeding (group I - control), intravenous fluid therapy (group II), enteral nutrition through gastrotomy (group III) and total parenteral nutrition (group IV). The treatments lasted seven days, preceded by two days of fasting. The animals of group II showed the highest weigth loss (P<0.05), and the animals of group IV showed phlebitis, since the second day of treatment. No changes were observed in red blood cell count (P>0.05), however, the animals of group II showed lower values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, suggesting normocytic normochromic anemia. The gastric tube placement, through endoscopy, led to alteration of the total number of leukocytes (P<0.05), causing a regenerative left shift in the animals of group II. The administration rate of the parenteral nutrition solution must be monitored when a peripheral venous access is used.